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Das Weltwirtschaftsforum ist eine unabhängige internationale Organisation mit Sitz in Genf. Sein seit 2004 jährlich erscheinender Risikoreport "Global Risks" entsteht aus den Erkenntnissen des Global Risk Councils und des Global Agenda Councils des Weltwirtschaftsforums, in Zusammenarbeit mit der Citigroup, Marsh & McLennan Companies (MMC), Swiss Re, dem Wharton School Risk Center und Zurich Financial Services. Der Report entsteht aus einer qualitativen Analyse der globalen Risiken in Verbindung mit Workshops und dem Rat von Wirtschaftsführern und Experten auf der ganzen Welt. Global Risks benennt aktuelle Risikobereiche, auf die sich Verantwortliche aus Wirtschaft und Politik beim Jahrestreffen des Weltwirtschaftsforums, das Ende Januar in Davos stattfindet, in ihren Gesprächen konzentrieren. Zudem macht der Report zahlreiche Vorschläge, um erkannte globale Risiken zu vermindern oder zu managen.
4899 Downloads26.01.2010
Datei downloaden To perform risk and portfolio management, we must represent the distribution of the risk factors that affect the market. The most flexible approach is in terms of scenarios and their probabilities, which includes historical scenarios, pure Monte Carlo and importance sampling (see Glasserman, 2004). Here, we present a simple method to generate scenarios from elliptical distributions with given sample means and covariances. This is very important in applications such as mean-variance portfolio optimisation, which are heavily affected by incorrect representations of the first two moments.
[Author: Attilio Meucci is head of research at Bloomberg ALPHA, Portfolio Analytics and Risk, in New York]
[Author: Attilio Meucci is head of research at Bloomberg ALPHA, Portfolio Analytics and Risk, in New York]
4896 Downloads20.01.2010
Datei downloaden Enterprise risk management (ERM) has been the topic of increased media attention in recent years. Many organizations have implemented ERM programs, consulting firms have established specialized ERM units, and universities have developed ERM-related courses and research centers. Despite the heightened interest in ERM by academics and practitioners, there is an absence of empirical evidence regarding the impact of such programs on firm value. The objective of this study is to measure the extent to which specific firms have implemented ERM programs and, then, to assess the value implications of these programs. We focus our attention in this study on U.S. insurers in order to control for differences that might arise from regulatory and market differences across industries. We use a maximum-likelihood treatment effects framework to simultaneously model the determinants of ERM and the effect of ERM on firm value. In our ERM-choice equation we find ERM usage to be positively related to factors such as firm size and institutional ownership, and negatively related to reinsurance use, leverage, and asset opacity. By focusing on publicly-traded insurers we are able to estimate the effect of ERM on Tobin’s Q, a standard proxy for firm value. We find a positive relation between firm value and the use of ERM. The ERM premium of 16.5% is statistically and economically significant and is robust to a range of alternative specifications of both the ERM and value equations.
[Authors: Ron S. Kenett, KPA Ltd., University of Torino, Torino and Center for Risk Engineering, NYU Polytechnic Institute, New York (USA) and Charles S. Tapiero, Center for Risk Engineering, NYU Polytechnic Institute, New York (USA). To be presented at the 2009 Quality and Productivity Research Conference, IBM T. J. Watson Research Ctr., Yorktown Heights, NY, 3-5 June 2009.]
[Authors: Ron S. Kenett, KPA Ltd., University of Torino, Torino and Center for Risk Engineering, NYU Polytechnic Institute, New York (USA) and Charles S. Tapiero, Center for Risk Engineering, NYU Polytechnic Institute, New York (USA). To be presented at the 2009 Quality and Productivity Research Conference, IBM T. J. Watson Research Ctr., Yorktown Heights, NY, 3-5 June 2009.]
4659 Downloads14.01.2010
Datei downloaden Enterprise risk management (ERM) has been the topic of increased media attention in recent years. Many organizations have implemented ERM programs, consulting firms have established specialized ERM units, and universities have developed ERM-related courses and research centers. Despite the heightened interest in ERM by academics and practitioners, there is an absence of empirical evidence regarding the impact of such programs on firm value. The objective of this study is to measure the extent to which specific firms have implemented ERM programs and, then, to assess the value implications of these programs. We focus our attention in this study on U.S. insurers in order to control for differences that might arise from regulatory and market differences across industries. We use a maximum-likelihood treatment effects framework to simultaneously model the determinants of ERM and the effect of ERM on firm value. In our ERM-choice equation we find ERM usage to be positively related to factors such as firm size and institutional ownership, and negatively related to reinsurance use, leverage, and asset opacity. By focusing on publicly-traded insurers we are able to estimate the effect of ERM on Tobin’s Q, a standard proxy for firm value. We find a positive relation between firm value and the use of ERM. The ERM premium of 16.5% is statistically and economically significant and is robust to a range of alternative specifications of both the ERM and value equations.
[Authors: Robert E. Hoyt, University of Georgia - C. Herman and Mary Virginia Terry College of Business / Andre P. Liebenberg, University of Mississippi - School of Business Administration]
[Authors: Robert E. Hoyt, University of Georgia - C. Herman and Mary Virginia Terry College of Business / Andre P. Liebenberg, University of Mississippi - School of Business Administration]
6666 Downloads07.01.2010
Datei downloaden Quantitative risk management relies on a constellation of tools that are used to analyze portfolio risk. We develop the standard toolkit, which includes betas, risk budgets and correlations, in a general, coherent, mnemonic framework centered around marginal risk contributions. We apply these tools to generate side-by-side analyses of volatility and expected shortfall, which is a measure of average portfolio excess of value-at-risk. We focus on two examples whose importance is highlighted by the current economic crisis. By examining downside protection provided by an out-of-the-money put option we show that the diversification benefit of the option is greater for a risk measure that is more highly concentrated in the tail of the distribution. By comparing two-asset portfolios that are distinguished only by the likelihood of coincident extreme events, we show that expected shortfall measures market contagion in a way that volatility cannot.
[Autors: Lisa R. Goldberg, Michael Y. Hayes, Jose Menchero, Indrajit Mitra]
[Autors: Lisa R. Goldberg, Michael Y. Hayes, Jose Menchero, Indrajit Mitra]
3345 Downloads06.01.2010
Datei downloaden How well does options pricing theory really work, and how dependent is it on the notion of dynamic replication? In this note we describe what many practitioners know from long and practical experience: (i) dynamic replication doesn’t work as well as students are taught to believe; (ii) most derivatives traders rely on it as little as possible; and (iii) there is a much simpler way to derive many option pricing formulas: many of the results of dynamic option replication can be obtained more simply, by regarding (as many practitioners do) an options valuation model as an interpolating formula for a hybrid security that correctly matches the boundary values of the ingredient securities that constitute the hybrid.
[Authors: Emanuel Derman; Nassim Nocholas Taleb / Source: Quantitative Finance, Vol. 5, No. 4, August 2005, 323–326]
[Authors: Emanuel Derman; Nassim Nocholas Taleb / Source: Quantitative Finance, Vol. 5, No. 4, August 2005, 323–326]
3065 Downloads05.01.2010
Datei downloaden The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable (hence TBS) is only critical of statistics, statisticians, or users of statistics in a very narrow (but consequential) set of circumstances. It was written by a veteran practitioner of uncertainty whose profession (a mixture of quantitative research, derivatives pricing, and risk management) estimates and deals with exposures to higher order statistical properties. Derivatives depend on some nonlinear function of random variables (often square or cubes) and are therefore extremely sensitive to estimation errors of the higher moments of probability distributions. This is the closest to applied statistician one can possibly get. Furthermore, TBS notes the astonishing success of statistics as an engine of scientific knowledge in (1) some well-charted domains such as measurement errors, gambling theory, thermodynamics, and quantum mechanics (these fall under the designation of "mild randomness"), or (2) some applications in which our vulnerability to errors is small. Indeed, statistics has been very successful in "low moment" applications such as "significance testing" for problems based on probability, not expectation or higher moments. In psychological experiments, for instance, the outlier counts as a single observation, and does not cause a high impact beyond its frequency.
[Authors: Nassim Nicholas Taleb / Source: The American Statistician, August 2007, Vol. 61, No. 3]
[Authors: Nassim Nicholas Taleb / Source: The American Statistician, August 2007, Vol. 61, No. 3]
2816 Downloads05.01.2010
Datei downloaden Several generalisations of the Black–Scholes (BS) Model have been made in the literature to overcome the well–known empirical inadequacies of the BS–Model. In this work I perform an empirical comparison of stochastic volatility models established by Du?e et al. (2000) with jumps in the volatility and four deductive special cases. In addition I include the model of Schoebel/Zhu (1999) with volatility driven by an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process instead of a Cox–Ingersoll–Ross process. As Zhu (2000) suggested the model can be easily combined with a jump component in the underlying. I examine the resulting model empirically and stress its good properties. This comparison embeds out–of–sample pricing performance as an important element in a model performance study based on model risk. The main result in terms of ?t performance is that the most complex models are not always the best ones. It is important to quantify model risk like e.g. Cont (2004) and to examine the sensitivity of exotic options in terms of moneyness, maturity and market condition. To achieve this comparison the model risk measure of Cont (2004) is extended and applied to various exotic options.
19449 Downloads15.11.2009
Datei downloaden Crises have been a feature of the financial landscape for hundreds of years. They often appear without warning as the sub-prime mortgage crisis of August 2007 illustrates. A good example of a crisis is provided by the Asian crisis of 1997-98. The 'Dragons' (Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan,) and the 'Tigers' (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand) were models of successful economic development. From the early 1950's until the eve of the crisis in 1997, their economies grew at high rates. In 1997 the Thai baht came under sustained pressure and, on July 2, the government stopped defending it. The value of the currency immediately fell 14 percent in the onshore market and 19 percent in the offshore market (Fourçans and Franck, 2003, Chapter 10). This marked the beginning of the Asian financial crises.
[Authors: Franklin Allen/University of Pennsylvania and Douglas Gale/New York University]
[Authors: Franklin Allen/University of Pennsylvania and Douglas Gale/New York University]
4318 Downloads04.11.2009
Datei downloaden Die Entwicklung einer Ratingstrategie zur Absicherung des Unternehmens ist methodisch eng verbunden mit anderen Herausforderungen der Unternehmensführung – was jedoch oft übersehen wird. In diesem Beitrag wird erläutert, welche Zusammenhänge zwischen Ratingstrategien und Ratingprognosen auf der einen Seite sowie der Ausschüttungspolitik und der Optimierung des Risikotransfers (speziell der Versicherungslösung) andererseits bestehen. Es wird dabei verdeutlicht, dass sowohl die fundierte Planung der Ausschüttungspolitik eines Unternehmens als auch die Bestimmung eines angemessenen Versicherungsschutzes (speziell von angemessenen Selbstbehalten) nicht möglich ist, wenn nicht jeweils die Implikationen für das zukünftige Rating betrachtet werden. Zudem wird die Bedeutung der Instrumente für die Krisenprävention von Unternehmen aufgezeigt, z. B. mittels Stresstests.
[Quelle: Ratingprognose, Solvenztest und Rating-Impact-Analyse: Neue Instrumente für Krisenprävention und Ratingstrategie, in: KRP Kredit & Rating Praxis, Ausgabe 03/2009, S. 38-40]
[Quelle: Ratingprognose, Solvenztest und Rating-Impact-Analyse: Neue Instrumente für Krisenprävention und Ratingstrategie, in: KRP Kredit & Rating Praxis, Ausgabe 03/2009, S. 38-40]
3827 Downloads22.10.2009
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