Every portfolio can be characterised by positions on a certain number of risk factors. As we can estimate the Value-at-Risk for single financial instruments, we can add the all possible losses to express portfolio Value-at-Risk. The Value-at-Risk of a portfolio can be reconstructed from the combination of the risks of underlying securities. The purpose of this study is to describe dynamic Value-at-Risk and to estimate the advantages and disadvantages of using it in portfolio management. As a result one would like to present empirical studies with a comparison of the different methods and models of Value-at-Risk that are variously used in the banking sector.
Rogachev 10313 Downloads06.10.2007
Datei downloaden Die Analyse des Verhältnisses zwischen dem Produktions- und dem Finanzsektor sowie deren Einfluss auf die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung bilden den Hauptgegenstand der sogenannten Hypothese finanzieller Instabilität von Hyman P. Minsky. Dieses Thema erweist sich gerade in der heutigen Zeit als hochaktuell. Aus der Perspektive eines "Wall Street-Keynesianers" heraus, entwickelte Minsky eine Theorie der zyklischen Wirtschaftsentwicklung, welche Unsicherheit, Spekulation und Finanzbeziehungen in den Vordergrund stellt und systematisch einbezieht.
[Dissertation zur Erlangung der Würde eines Doktors der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften, vorgelegt der Wirtschafts- und sozialwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Freiburg in der Schweiz]
Schnyder 27445 Downloads03.09.2007
Datei downloaden In Folge der Veränderungen bei der Finanzierung von Krankenhausleistungen verschärft sich der Wettbewerb zwischen den Krankenhäusern. Der Übergang vom Budgetsystem zu einem Einheitspreissystem stellt für alle Bereiche eines Krankenhauses eine hohe Herausforderung dar. Medizinische Leistungen sind spezifisch hinsichtlich Art und Menge zu planen und zu überwachen, Veränderungen im Leistungsmix können erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die aus der Leistungserbringung resultierenden medizinischen und ökonomischen Risiken haben. Bei einheitlichen Preisen ist die Qualität der erbrachten Leistungen ein wesentliches Kriterium für den Vergleich verschiedener Leistungserbringer. Risiken aus den patientennahen und -fernen Aktivitäten des Krankenhauses müssen frühzeitig erkannt und bei Planungen und Aktivitäten berücksichtigt werden. Ein umfassendes Qualitäts- und Risikomanagement unterstützt die Maßnahmen zur Steigerung der Effizienz sowie der Prozess- und Ergebnisqualität und sichert sie ab. Nachfolgend wird die Einführung eines integrierten, das Gesamtunternehmen umfassenden Risikomanagementsystems im Universitätsklinikum Münster (UKM) als Teil des umfassenden Qualitäts- und Risikomanagements dargestellt.
[Autoren: Norbert Roeder/Christoph Hoppenheit/Beate Wolter/Birgit Strauch/Beate Rudloff/Matthias Hennke/Simone Rebig/Ulrich Palmer]
Palmer 10389 Downloads22.08.2007
Datei downloaden Der Beitrag zeigt anhand eines praktischen Beispiels auf, dass bei der Unternehmensplanung die strategische Komponente oft auf der Strecke bleibt. Bei dem Beispiel handelt es sich um ein Szenario aus dem Alltag einer Bank. Im Unternehmensbereich Baufinanzierung beobachtet ein Institut, wie durch das Eindringen eines Konkurrenten in den Markt erhebliche Marktanteile verloren gehen. Das Institut konnte keine Strategie entwickeln, diesen Trend zu stoppen. Die vom Institut eingesetzte strategische Planung basiert auf der Methodik der Balanced Scorecard (BSC).
[Mit freundlicher Genehmigung der Redaktion RISIKO MANAGER, Bank-Verlag Medien GmbH / Quelle: RISIKO MANAGER 16/2007, S. 10-13]
J.Kirchhoff 13498 Downloads17.08.2007
Datei downloaden The value of active investment management is traditionally measured by alpha, beta, tracking error, and the Sharpe and information ratios. These are essentially static characteristics of the marginal distributions of returns at a single point in time, and do not incorporate dynamic aspects of a manager's investment process. In this paper, I propose a new measure of the value of active investment management that captures both static and dynamic contributions of a portfolio manager's decisions. The measure is based on a decomposition of a portfolio's expected return into two distinct components: a static weighted-average of the individual securities' expected returns, and the sum of covariances between returns and portfolio weights. The former component measures the portion of the manager's expected return due to static investments in the underlying securities, while the latter component captures the forecast power implicit in the manager's dynamic investment choices. This measure can be computed for long-only investments, long/short portfolios, and asset allocation rules, and is particularly relevant for hedge-fund strategies where both components are significant contributors to their expected returns, but only one should garner the high fees that hedge funds typically charge. Several analytical and empirical examples are provided to illustrate the practical relevance of these new measures.
[Authors: Andrew W. Lo / Working Paper, May 2007]
Lo 22488 Downloads11.08.2007
Datei downloaden Systemic risk is commonly used to describe the possibility of a series of correlated defaults among financial institutions - typically banks - that occur over a short period of time, often caused by a single major event. However, since the collapse of Long Term Capital Management in 1998, it has become clear that hedge funds are also involved in systemic risk exposures. The hedge-fund industry has a symbiotic relationship with the banking sector, and many banks now operate proprietary trading units that are organized much like hedge funds. As a result, the risk exposures of the hedge-fund industry may have a material impact on the banking sector, resulting in new sources of systemic risks. In this article, we attempt to quantify the potential impact of hedge funds on systemic risk by developing a number of new risk measures for hedge funds and applying them to individual and aggregate hedge-fund returns data. These measures include: illiquidity risk exposure, nonlinear factor models for hedge-fund and banking-sector indexes, logistic regression analysis of hedge-fund liquidation probabilities, and aggregate measures of volatility and distress based on regime-switching models. Our preliminary findings suggest that the hedge-fund industry may be heading into a challenging period of lower expected returns, and that systemic risk is currently on the rise.
[Authors: Andrew W. Lo, Nicholas Chan, Mila Getmansky, Shane M. Haas / Source: Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Economic Review 2006:Q4, 49-80.]
Lo 12796 Downloads11.08.2007
Datei downloaden We document the empirical properties of a sample of 1,765 funds in the TASS Hedge Fund database from 1994 to 2004 that are no longer active. The TASS sample shows that attrition rates differ significantly across investment styles, from a low of 5.2% per year on average for convertible arbitrage funds to a high of 14.4% per year on average for managed futures funds. We relate a number of factors to these attrition rates, including past performance, volatility, and investment style, and also document differences in illiquidity risk between active and liquidated funds. We conclude with a proposal for the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to play a new role in promoting greater transparency and stability in the hedge-fund industry.
[Authors: Mila Getmansky, Andrew W. Lo, and Shauna X. Mei / Source: Journal of Investment Management 2(2004), 6-38.]
Lo 9000 Downloads11.08.2007
Datei downloaden Zur Quantifizierung von Marktpreis- und Kreditrisiken werden die unterschiedlichsten Ansätze diskutiert, modifiziert und angewendet. Jedoch gibt es eine Vielzahl von Risiken, deren Quantifizierung bis dato noch nicht abschließend gelungen ist. Zu dieser Risikokategorie gehören auch die Zinsstrukturrisiken. Ziel dieses Arbeitspapieres ist es, einen möglichen Ansatz zur Quantifizierung dieses alle zinsabhängigen Instrumente beeinflussenden Risikos mit Hilfe des Value at Risk Konzepts vorzustellen, zu diskutieren und gegebenenfalls einen Lösungsvorschlag für auftretende Probleme zu unterbreiten.
[Autoren: Melanie Feger, Michael Marek]
Feger 24135 Downloads06.08.2007
Datei downloaden This paper introduces a new statistical approach to assessing the quality of risk measures: quality control of risk measures (QCRM). The approach is applied to the problem of backtesting value-at-risk (VaR) models. VaR models are used to predict the maximum likely losses in a bank’s portfolio at a specified confidence level and time horizon. The widely accepted VaR backtesting procedure outlined by the Basel Committee for Banking Supervision controls the probability of rejecting the model when the model is correct. A drawback of the Basel approach is its limited power to control the probability of accepting an incorrect VaR model. By exploiting the binomial structure of the testing problem, QCRM provides a more balanced testing procedure, which results in a uniform reduction of the probability of accepting a wrong model.
[Authors: de la Pena, Victor H.; Rivera, Ricardo; Ruiz-Mata, Jesus]
Pena 10559 Downloads13.07.2007
Datei downloaden To verify whether an empirical distribution has a specific theoretical distribution, several tests have been used, for example: Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Kuiper. These tests try to analyze if all parts of the empirical distribution has a specific theoretical shape. But, in a Risk Management framework, the focus of analysis is on the tails of the distributions, since we are interested on the extreme returns of financial assets. This paper proposes a new goodness-of-fit hypothesis test with focus on the tails of the distribution. The new test is based on the Conditional Value at Risk measure. Three major exchange rates (JPY/USD, GBP/USD and CHF/USD) are used as examples of a practical application of the test proposed. The new test, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Kuiper tests were applied to verify if the empirical data has a Normal, Scaled-t, Hyperbolic, NIG or GH distribution. For JPY currency, the Normal, Hyperbolic and scaled-t distributions were rejected by the new test. For the CHF and GBP, only Normality was rejected. Results are the same for CHF and GBP when using the other two tests. But for the JPY, the Scaled-t and the Hyperbolic distributions are rejected on the new test, and not rejected for the other two tests. We conclude that, for overall finance applications, we can use Scaled-t and Hyperbolic distributions for the JPY, but for Risk Management applications, they are not adequate.
[Authors: Farias, Aquiles; Haas Ornelas, Jose R.; Fajardo, Jose]
Farias 9742 Downloads13.07.2007
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